Current developments in the field of robot applications are characterised by the desire to allow man and machine to work as closely as possible with one another. Instead of man and machine cooperating by means of defined static transfer points, in future both partners will collaborate in a shared workspace and be deployed together on a flexible basis such that they can exploit their respective strengths.
A new type of industrial robot is ready for this task, which is referred to as cobots. Cobot is a combination of the words “collaboration” and “robot”. The lightweight robots that are used can move loads of about 10 kg and have a sensory, tactile capability. As service robots, they are intended to “give humans a hand” with physically burdensome or monotonous tasks. Typical uses are pick-and-place applications, handling operations between different production steps or follow-the-line applications where the robot has to follow precisely a specified trajectory (e.g. when tracing a contour or for bonding tasks).
In human-robot collaborations (HRCs) like this, the workspaces of humans and robots overlap both spatially and chronologically. By contrast with cooperation, humans and robots share a single working space in the case of human-robot collaboration. This combines the strengths and advantages of the machine, such as reliability, endurance and repeat accuracy, with human strengths, in other words dexterity, flexibility and the capacity to make decisions. The most conspicuous difference between “classic”, enclosed robot applications and human-robot collaboration is that collisions between machines and humans are a real possibility. But they must not be allowed to result in any injuries. This results in additional safety challenges.
Only the application can be safe Despite the new cobots, the following applies: robots cannot provide safety on their own. There are no safe robots, there are only safe robot applications. Safety results from the interaction of normative boundary conditions, the risk analysis that is based on it, the selection of a robot with the corresponding safety functions and the matching additional safety components, and finally from validation.
This means that the ISO/TS 15066 “Robots and Robotic Devices – Collaborative industrial robots”, which was published this spring, plays a key role. This Technical Specification makes it possible to implement safe human-robot collaborations following appropriate validation.
Four types of collaboration are described in ISO/TS 15066 as protection principles.
When implementing a safe human-robot collaboration (HRC), system integrators can choose one of these “types of collaboration” or a combination of them for their application.
The Technical Specification is moreover the first standard that provides detailed information on pain thresholds for various parts of the body, in its Annex A. These values form the basis for implementing the application with “power and force limiting”. In practice, it has been found that human-robot collaborations can often be achieved by combining a “speed and separation monitoring” and “power and force limiting” in ISO/TS 15066.
The Annex to Technical Specification ISO/TS 15066 describes a body model. It provides information for each part of the body (e.g. on the head, the hand, the arm or the leg) about the respective collision limit values. If the application remains between these limits when a human encounters a robot, then it is standard-compliant. These pain threshold values are used in practice to validate a safe HRC. Pilz has developed a collision measuring device PROBms to measure forces and speeds. Equipped with springs and appropriate sensors, the device can record precisely the forces generated in a collision with a robot, evaluate them in software and compare them with the specifications from ISO/TS 15066.
As a member of this international standardisation body, Pilz has been actively involved with robot manufacturers, integrators, notified bodies, like German employers’ liability insurance associations, for example, and other automation companies in defining this pioneering standard for human-robot collaboration in the industrial environment.
The final step is CE marking Manufacturers of robot applications are likewise subject to the principle that, by law, if they are exporting to European Union, they must carry out a conformity assessment procedure with CE marking. Attaching the CE mark confirms that the robot application meets all the necessary health and safety requirements. The challenge in the basic “risk assessment” for robot applications is that the boundaries between separate working areas for man and machine have ceased to exist. As well as the hazards presented by a robot, the human’s movements need to be taken into consideration. But they are not always calculable in terms of speed, reflexes or the sudden arrival of another person.
There then follow the “safety concept” and “safety design” steps including selection of the components. These are usually a combination of intelligent sensors that are interlinked, and control systems that make the necessary dynamic working processes possible in the first place. The selected safety measures are then documented in the risk assessment and implemented in the “system integration” step. This is followed by “validation”, when the previous steps are scrutinised again.
The ultimate, safe robot or the ultimate, safe sensor technology to cover all possible safety scenarios in practice has not yet been achieved. The demands on safety technology always depend on the respective application. Safe robot cells can only be set up within the overall context of the robot, tool and workpiece plus any associated machinery such as the conveyor technology, for example. This means in practice that every application calls for a separate safety assessment.
Implementing human-robot collaborations in an industrial environment is definitely going to increase; however, its growth will be heavily dependent on innovations in the fields of sensor technology and robotics. In practice, every application will then require its own separate safety assessment. Together, automation engineers, robot manufacturers, integrators and notified bodies will be able to make the vision of a robot workmate reality on a step-by-step and application-by-application basis.
Pilz as a solution supplier provides the relevant services and products and systems for safe robot applications. The company supports users with a services portfolio tailored to the individual life cycle phases of a robot system: from process analysis to risk assessment and beyond to CE marking. A specific training package on robot safety completes the range of services.
For more information, Website: www.pilz.in
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